RE: Why is the universe increasingly predictable at larger scales?

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Physicists are asking the the same question with different phrasing. How and when does quantum physics transition to classical physics, as modified by general relativity? Quantum gravity is part of this question. A lot may depend on the correct interpretation of quantum physics, if one can be found. Right now, interpretation is a matter of preference with little testability.

The universe becomes more deterministic at the quantum/classical transition, but not beyond it. At the largest scale, the cosmic background radiation has a lot of randomness. Statistics is required to tease out the structure.

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Is there any randomness in the background radiation? My understanding is by studying that pseudo-random looking background radiation we can answer all sorts of questions about the beginning of the universe and the ending of it. Am I wrong? How else are we able to make the accurate predictions about the end of the universe at the largest scales?

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Yes. The CMB is grainy due to randomness. The patterns are not perfect because of it.

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Why are we able to find the smallest planck length of the universe and the universe doesn't expand smaller, but it does expand bigger? I don't understand why it only expands in one dimension and not all? Why isn't the universe expanding smaller and getting bigger?

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The cause of the universe's expansion is under intense investigation by physicists and cosmologists. Recent episodes of PCS Space Time have been covering current theories. I highly recommend this YouTube series.

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In theory radioactive decay is a random process? I don't understand it but particles sometimes decay and sometimes don't, and do so at their own rates.

So maybe this is what you mean by randomness?

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