Flies are one of the Diptera orders. The three important subdivisions of Diptera are Nematocera, Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Important families of the Cyclorrhapha suborder are Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Gasterophilidae, Oestridae and Hippoboscidae.

In the Australian / Oceanian Diptera Catalog it is stated that there are around 3,880 species of flies found based on their geographic zoo distribution. In the Australia or Oceania region there are approximately 1000 species of the Muscidae family. The Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera) source

Musca domestica or house fly is one of the causes of digestive tract diseases, namely diarrhea. Types of flies that can harm humans such as house flies, blue flies (Calliphora vamituria) and green flies.

Megacephala and Lucilia sp). Green flies have a negative impact on human health throughout the world. Flies can be cosmopolitan and cyanantropic in nature, which means that flies have a high dependency (association) in human life because human food sources are the source of food for flies.

1. Fly Life Cycle

Metamorphosis is a cycle of changes in fly vectors starting from the egg stage, larvae, cocoon to the imago (adult) stage. In metamorphosis there will be a process of skin replacement called an exedist.

Flies are one of the insect class insects that undergo the process of metamorphohosis.

There are more 4,500 species of fruit flies in the world. The genus Drosophila includes a large number of species of fruit flies belonging to the family Drosophilidae. Among these species, D. melanogaster Meigen (referred to as red-eyed fruit fly) and D. repleta Wollaston (referred to as dark-eyed fruit) are considered the most common species of fruit flies found inside structures. Fruit flies are small, about 1/8-inch long, and have transverse black rings across their abdomen. 5 Tips for Fighting Fruit Flies source

Fruit flies are an example of insects that have metamorphoses perfectly whose species is around 4500 species.

Flies can regularly be found in homes. Some species are more common than others and are attracted to different environments suited to their natural habits and lifecycle. Knowing about the size, habits, seasonality and lifecycle of different fly species, can help to identify the most effective fly control methods.. On average, the adult housefly will live for around 30 days. They go through a complete four-stage cycle that consists of egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. Common Fly Species source

Flies need time to complete their life cycle starting from the eggs to adulthood between 12 to 30 days.

The average fly takes between 7-22 days in the breeding process, depending on the temperature and food conditions available for fly life.

The life cycle of flies starts from eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults.

a. Egg

Eggs are placed in moist organic materials (animal waste, garbage, etc.) in a place that is not directly exposed to sunlight.

The characteristics of eggs are white and usually drips after 11-15 hours, depending on the surrounding temperature.Drosophila melanogaster: Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics - Book Online source

b. Larvae

1. Level I: Instar I or so-called newly dripping eggs, which have the characteristics of a length of 2 mm, are white, have no eyes and feet, are very active and malignant with food, after 1 - 4 days removing the skin out of instar II.

Maggots moult twice during their development and can grow from 2 mm to 20 mm in length in four days. Having acquired the necessary nutrients to make a fly, they retire into their puparia where the transformation occurs. The larva, or maggot, is the main feeding stage of the fly. On hatching, first-instar larvae are roughly 2 mm long, growing to about 5 mm before shedding their skin. The second instar larvae grow to around 10 mm before they shed their skins to become third-instar larvae. Third-instar larvae grow to between 15 mm and 20 mm before wandering off as pre-pupae. More about maggots source

1. Level II: The size is 2 times instar I, after one to several days, the skin peels out instar III.

2. Level III: Larvae measuring 12 mm or more, this level takes 3 to 9 days. Larvae find a place with a preferred temperature, by moving places, for example in a mound of organic waste. The preferred temperature is 30 - 350C.

Phase III). The average day time temperature was 31 C inside the processing shed. Evening temperatures bottomed out at ~20 C. Day time temperatures ranged from a high of 36 C to a low of 25 C. The first adult to emerge was seen on day 9. The Effect of Temperature on Emergence of BSF source

d. Adult
The process of maturation into an adult fly takes approximately 15 hours and after that it is ready for marriage. All time needed is 7-22 days, depending on conditions.

High emergence rates progressed on through the 19th day. By the 21st day and on emergence rates bumped around 1 to 2 adults per day up through the 30th day. Prepupa viability was 100% (all prepupa emerged as adults). Between the 13th and 14th day, the day time temperature dropped to 25 C .The Effect of Temperature on Emergence of BSF source

local temperature, humidity and food available. Adult flies can reach 2-4 weeks.

2. Bionomic flies

a. A yearning place
Flies like wet places such as rotting plants, wet trash, star droppings, organic matter and cumulative accumulation of dirt (animal cages) are very favored by fly larvae.

The house fly is the most common fly pest around homes. This fly lays eggs on wet, decaying organic matter such as moist garbage, animal manure or rotting plant debris. Household Flies source

Flies do not like breeding places where conditions are scattered. A place that is generally a yearning for flies is a dirty and wet place

b. Eating habit
Flies have a habit of eating, food that is eaten by humans in everyday life for example milk, sugar and other foods.

The form of liquid food or wet food, while dry food is moistened with saliva first, then smoked.

High temperature food conditions are more preferred by flies than the surrounding environment.

c. Living habits
House flies (M domestica) are not biting, but have a licked mouth type, house flies (M domestica) are often found in landfills and cattle pens.

Most green flies (C. Megacephala and Lucilia sp) eat organic matter that smells decaying and flies multiply in carcasses laying eggs on the bodies of dead animals and eating larvae from decaying tissues.

d. Flying distance
The flight distance is affected by the availability of food available, an average of 6-9 km.

A few flies have been shown to travel 5 to 20 miles but these tend to be “record” individuals. In general, fly control efforts for a community problem are focused within one mile of the source. How Far Can House Flies Fly source

Sometimes it can reach 19-20 km from the breeding ground or 7-12 miles from the breeding ground. Flies can fly 4 miles / hour.

e. Rest area
Flies choose a place of rest that is cool / humid, flies also prefer a place that is not windy, but cool, and at night often perched in the bush outside the residence.

Flies rest on floors, walls, ceilings, clotheslines, grasses, electrical wires, etc., and are well-liked places with sharp edges with vertical surfaces.

The rest area is usually close to the place to eat and not more than 4.5 meters above ground level. The fly rests at the place where it alighted and or near the place where it landed.

f. Long live
The length of life of flies is affected by the presence of food, water and temperature that support. In summer the flies can live between 2-4 weeks, whereas in winter the flies can live usually reach 60 days.

The adult life span can range from 45-68 days. They are more common in the spring and fall and scarce in the summer. Cool weather favors development. These flies overwinter as adults. Adults emerge for brief periods throughout the winter. In warmer climates, breeding is continuous. Fly Prevention and Control source

g. Temperature and humidity
Flies start to fly at 150C and their optimum activity at 210C. At temperatures below 7.50C it is inactive and above 450C death occurs in flies, while humidity is closely related to the local temperature.

h. Rays
Flies are insects that have phototropic properties, where flies like light. At night the flies are not active, but in their presence

the help of fly rays can reactivate the effect of light on flies depending entirely on the conditions of temperature and humidity around.

Looking at their life patterns, flies are types of living things that are complex and can multiply rapidly and are able to survive relatively long at certain temperatures and conditions.

Reference:

The Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera) source
5 Tips for Fighting Fruit Flies source
Common Fly Species source
Drosophila melanogaster: Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics - Book Online source
More about maggots source
The Effect of Temperature on Emergence of BSF source
Household Flies source
How Far Can House Flies Fly source
Fly Prevention and Control source