Video [ES - EN subtitled] - 11 - Alimentación humana. Gusto (sentido corporal). 1/2 / Human alimentation. Taste (body sense). 1/2.

El gusto es un sentido que varía entre especies de animales, en parte, evolutivamente por los alimentos que han seleccionado para consumo. Los osos pandas han perdido el gen receptor de sabor umami (o de aminoácidos) y los felinos en el gen receptor de sabor dulce. Los leones marinos han perdido un gran número de receptores del gusto, quizás porque la mayoría de sus presas son ingeridas enteras y no necesitan probarlas o gustarlas. Esta pérdida de genes receptores, probablemente es debido a que ya no eran ventajosos o necesarios para la supervivencia.

Taste is a sense that varies among animal species, in part, evolutionarily by the foods they have selected for consumption. Panda bears have lost the umami (or amino acid) taste receptor gene and felines have lost the sweet taste receptor gene. Sea lions have lost a large number of taste receptors, perhaps because most of their prey is swallowed whole and they do not need to taste or savor it. This loss of receptor genes is probably because they were no longer advantageous or necessary for survival.

El sistema de sabor de primates coevolucionó con la composición de especies de plantas y esto permitió percibir e identificar componentes beneficiosos o tóxicos. Los primates pueden identificar lo potencialmente dañino, como la amargura de varios alcaloides o la astringencia de los taninos, de lo que es beneficioso, como los azúcares presentes en la pulpa de frutos que proporcionan energía.

The primate taste system co-evolved with the composition of plant species and this enabled them to perceive and identify beneficial or toxic constituents. Primates can identify what is potentially harmful, such as the bitterness of various alkaloids or the astringency of tannins, from what is beneficial, such as the sugars present in fruit pulp that provide energy.

Los humanos perciben los nutrientes y las toxinas cualitativamente como sabor dulce, ácido, salado, sabroso (umami) y amargo. Sobre esto y lo expuesto comento en el video.

Humans perceive nutrients and toxins qualitatively as sweet, sour, salty, savory (umami) and bitter. On this and the above I comment in the video.

Breslin, P. A. S. 2013. An evolutionary perspective on food review and human taste. Current Biology. 23 (9): R409-R418.

Furness, J. B. & Bravo, D. M. 2015. Humans as cucinivores: comparisons with other species. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 185 (8): 825-834.

Hellekant, G. & Ninomiya, Y. 1991. On the taste of umami in chimpanzee. Physiology & Behavior. 49 (5): 927-934.

Hladik, C. M. 2007. Salt as a non-food: to what extent do gustatory perceptions determine non-food vs food choices? (pp. 121-130). In: Consuming the inedible: neglected dimensions of food choice. New York-Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Hladik, C. M.; Pasquet, P.; Danilova, V. & Hellekant, G. 2003. The evolution of taste perception: psychophysics and taste nerves tell the same story in human and non-human primates. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (4): 281-287.

Hladik, C. M. 2011. Considerations on field methods used to assess nonhuman primate feeding behaviour and human food intake in terms of nutritional requirements (pp. 170-185). In: Centralizing fieldwork: critical perspectives from primatology, biological and social anthropology. New York-Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Hu, Y.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Ma, T.; Shan, L.; Wang, X.; Nie, Y.; Ning, Z.; Yan, L.; Xiu, Y. & Wei, F. 2017. Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). 114 (5): 1081-1086.

Jiang, P.; Josue, J.; Li, X.; Glaser, D.; Li, W.; Brand, J. G.; Margolskee, R. F.; Reed, D. R. & Beauchamp, G. K. 2012. Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). 109 (13): 4956-4961.

Li, X.; Li, W.; Wang, H.; Cao, J.; Maehashi, K.; Huang, L.; Bachmanov, A. A.; Reed, D. R.; Legrand-Defretin, V.; Beauchamp, G. K. & Brand, J. G. 2005. Pseudogenization of a sweet-receptor gene accounts for cats’ indifference toward sugar. PLoS Genetics. 1 (1): e3,0027-0035.

Milton, K. 1999. Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? Nutrition. 15 (6): 488-498.

Ulijaszek, S.J. 2002. Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 61 (4): 517-526.

Zhao, H.; Yang, J. R.; Xu, H. & Zhang, J. 2010. Pseudogenization of the umami taste receptor gene Tas1r1 in the giant panda coincided with its dietary switch to bamboo. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (12): 2669-2673.

Carsten Tolkmit (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Jennifer Leigh (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Janine Duffy, Echidna Walkabout (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 4.0.

Mfield (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Aaron Siirila (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Mathias Appel (Wikimedia Commons) CC0 1.0.

Lilla Frerichs (Public Domain Pictures) CC0 1.0.

meineresterampe (Pixabay) dominio público.

Valeria Boltneva (Pexels) dominio público.

Francesca Cesa Bianchi (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

TheOtherKev (Pixabay) dominio público.

National Park Service (NPGallery) dominio público.

Hippopx (Hippopx) CC0 1.0.

Alain Houle (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 4.0.

Brocken Inaglory (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

J. Matternes (U.S. Geological Survey) dominio público.

Gary Todd (Flickr) CC0 1.0.

Smokeybjb (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Smokeybjb (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Mikhail Nilov (Pexels) dominio público.

Charlie Marshall (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Alexas Fotos (Pexels) dominio público.

Jacob George (Pexels) dominio público.

Arian Zwegers (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Gabymichel (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

PxHere (PxHere) CC0 1.0.

Steve Snodgrass (Flickr) CC BY 2.0.

Sunridin (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

NEUROtiker (Wikimedia Commons) dominio público.

Acdx (Wikimedia Commons) dominio público.

PxHere (PxHere) dominio público.

Ryan Somma (Flickr) CC BY-SA 2.0.

Ryan Somma (Flickr) CC BY-SA 2.0.

Joe Hunt (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Bernard DUPONT (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.0.

PxHere (PxHere) CC0 1.0.

Miriam Fischer (Pexels) dominio público.

Bernard DUPONT (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.0.

Piqsels (Piqsels) dominio público.

Maharshivelu (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 4.0.

PIXNIO (PIXNIO) CC0 1.0.

Øyvind Holmstad (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 4.0.

Megan (Markham) Bucknall (Pexels) dominio público.

Arjan Haverkamp (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Arjan Haverkamp (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY 2.0.

Hippopx (Hippopx) CC0 1.0.

PxHere (PxHere) CC0 1.0.

Julia Zolotova (Pexels) dominio público.

PxHere (PxHere) CC0 1.0.

Andrew Skudder (Flickr) CC BY-SA 2.0.

Dubravko Sorić (Flickr) CC BY 2.0.

Justin Kolenc (Public Domain Pictures) CC0 1.0.

Ansgar Walk (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Ansgar Walk (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.5.

Ansgar Walk (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.5.

L. Petheram (Wikimedia Commons) dominio público.

GMTL (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 4.0.

Ansgar Walk (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.5.

Ansgar Walk (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 2.5.

Michael Haferkamp (Wikimedia Commons) CC BY-SA 3.0.

Axletree - The Silent Grove (Free Music Archive) CC BY 4.0.

Creado por el autor con el software Vegas Pro 15.0.