What is dark matter and dark energy?

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The mysteries of dark matter and dark energy are some of the most profound and challenging questions in modern astrophysics and cosmology. These elusive components make up about 95% of the universe, yet their true nature remains largely unknown.
Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible to current telescopic technologies. Its existence is inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies. Astronomers first suspected dark matter’s existence when they observed galaxies moving too fast to be held together by visible matter alone.
Dark energy is even more enigmatic than dark matter. It is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, a discovery that was made in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovas. These observations revealed that galaxies are moving away from each other at increasing speeds, contrary to the expectation that gravity should be slowing down the expansion.
Understanding dark matter and dark energy is crucial because they fundamentally influence the structure, evolution, and fate of the universe. They shape the formation of galaxies, clusters, and large-scale structures. Without dark matter, galaxies as we know them wouldn’t form; without dark energy, the universe might not be expanding as it is today.
In summary, dark matter and dark energy are essential components of the cosmos that remain deeply mysterious. They highlight the limits of our current understanding and drive scientific inquiry into the fundamental nature of the universe. The quest to understand them continues to be one of the most exciting and challenging frontiers in science.

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Sources:
https://cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/dark-energy-and-dark-matter
https://www.space.com/dark-energy-what-is-it
https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter

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