Nuclear Models in the Field of Atomic Physics

Hello everyone physics lover, but this day the unique thing is atomic physics is an interesting branch of physics that focuses on the study of the structure and behavior of atoms, the basic units of matter. One of the best things about this course is learning about the structure of the atomic nucleus, the core of the atom where most of the atom's energy and positive energy reside. To answer this question, scientists have developed various nuclear weapons throughout history. These models evolved over time as experimental evidence accumulated, and each of them provided important information about the nature of atomic nuclei.

Simple model or billiard ball model

One of the first nuclear models was the "solid model" proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. Rutherford performed his famous alpha experiment, in which he shot alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin gold foil. Based on the results of this experiment, Rutherford concluded that the mass of the atoms contained in the nucleus was very small and dense compared to the size of the entire atom. The model is similar to a "billion dollar ball" and shows that electrons move around the nucleus at a given distance.

Shell core model or shell core model

As experimental research progresses, phenomena are discovered that cannot be fully explained by the solid model. Hierarchical Nucleus Model, by Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen addressed these shortcomings in the 1950s. The model shows the atomic nucleus as a set of nuclear shells (protons and neutrons) filled in the same way as the electron shells of the atom. This method helps describe nuclear stability and nuclear magic numbers and predicts nuclear binding energies very accurately.

Water drop model

The water drop model was developed by George Gamow in the 1930s and is based on the metaphor of the atomic nucleus as a drop of water. The model focuses on macroscopic explanations of nuclear energy, such as power generation, evolution, and nuclear fission. In this way, the physical phenomena of atomic nuclei can be better understood in terms of surface energy and size.

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) model

The QCD model is an advanced concept derived from quantum chromodynamics, a branch of particle physics that describes the exaggeration between the interaction of grams and quarks. At the nuclear level, QCD provides a deeper understanding of the structure and the forces acting on it. However, this theory is very complex and requires extensive calculations due to the strong interactions between quarks and gluons in the nucleus.

Nuclear models of atomic mass have changed over time, from Rutherford's Standard Model to the current theory based on quantum chromodynamics. These models help us better understand atomic structure and the way we live. As atomic scientific research advances, the emergence of new models and new theories allows us to explore the mysteries of the atomic nucleus, thus contributing to our understanding of matter and the forces that govern it.

The Schrödinger equation based on nuclear models can be very complex and depends on the assumptions used in the model. Here I present a simplified version of the horizontal basis equations, but keep in mind that in real applications these equations are more complex. The Schrödinger nuclear equation is shown below:

HΨ=EΨ

H is the Hamiltonian operator that represents the total energy of the system.

Ψ is the wave function of the nucleus, which describes its quantum state.

E is the total energy of the nucleus.

Bibliographic reference

Física Nuclear por Ram N L Soto, ‎Ramón L. Soto, ‎Rolando Paucar, 2012.

Física nuclear por W. E. Burcham, 2020.