Important Chemistry Terms

7 months ago

In this video I go over the definitions of some important chemistry terms which I will be referring to throughout my biology videos, so make sure to understand them. I have also includes their definitions along side their timestamps below.

Time stamps:

Moiety is part of several molecules: 0:00
Substituent replaces hydrogen atoms on the parent chain: 0:10
Substituent, functional group, side chain, pendant group are typically used interchangeably: 0:38
Functional group causes a molecules characteristic chemical reactions: 0:49
Side chain is a functional group attached to the core part of the molecule: 1:51
Backbone chain is the longest series of covalently bonded atoms of the molecule: 2:09
Pendant group is a group of atoms attached to a backbone chain: 2:18
Hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the functional -OH: 2:56
Open-chain or acyclic compound has a linear structure, as opposed to cyclic compounds: 3:12
Saturated compound resists addition reactions and has only single bonds between carbon atoms: 3:52
Unsaturated compounds has some double bonds between carbon atoms: 5:04
Alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon: 5:29
- Alkyl is an alkane missing an hydrogen: 5:44
- Acetyl is the moiety CH3CO: 5:58
Alkoxy group is an alkyl group singularly bonded to oxygen: R-O where R is a generic placeholder: 6:43
Ester is derived from an acid in which an -OH is replaced by -O-alkoxy group: 7:07
Benzyl acetate with benzyloxy moiety, an ester, and acetyl functional group: 7:35
Pi bonds are covalent bonds where two orbital lobs overlap two lobes of another atom laterally: 10:11
Resonance or mesomerism describes bonding as a combination of several contributing structures: 11:15
- Carbonate resonance: 11:30
- Resonance summarized by fractional (dashed) bonds and delocalized charges: 12:15
Delocalized electrons are not associated with a single atom or covalent bond: 13:02
- Benzene has a circular delocalization of electrons: 13:13
Aromaticity is increased stability due to cyclic, planar structures with pi bonds in resonance: 13:43
Aliphatic compounds are not aromatic: 14:09
Hydrocarbons are divided into 2 classes: aromatic and aliphatic compounds: 14:36
- Benzene (aromatic) vs butane (acyclic aliphatic) and cyclobutene (cyclic aliphatic): 14:47
Alkene is a hydrocarbon containing a C-C double bond (covalent bond involving 4 electrons instead of 2): 15:50
Alkenyl group is the fragment formed if a H is removed from a C-C double bond: 16:15
Aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring: 17:30
Carboxylic acid (R-COOH) contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group (alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group): 17:51
Deprotonation of carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion and is delocalized: 18:34
Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain: 20:06