Organic Compounds: Nucleotides, DNA, RNA, ATP

7 months ago

In this video I provide an overview of the essential molecules found in all life forms on Earth, namely the nucleotides DNA and RNA as well as their precursor and "energy currency" ATP. The terms covered and their definitions are listed in the timestamps.

Timestamps:

Nucleotides consist of a nucleoside and phosphate: 0:00
Polynucleotide is composed of 13 or more nucleotides: 0:34
Phosphoric acid is a weak acid with formula H3PO4: 1:42
Phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester of phosphoric acid: 2:22
Inorganic phosphate are free phosphate anions in solution and denoted Pi: 3:53
Nucleoside consists of a nucleobase and a 5-carbon sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose): 4:22
- Ribose has 1 more oxygen than deoxyribose: 4:35
- Deoxy sugars have a hydroxyl -OH group replaced with hydrogen H (deoxy = loss of an O): 4:46
Nucleobases or nitrogenous bases or bases contain nitrogen and can form nucleosides and base pairs: 6:35
5 primary nucleobases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), uracil (U): 7:18
Purines (A, G) are fused-ring nucleobases: 8:12
Pyrimidines (C, T, U) are simple ring nucleobases: 8:22
Base pair (bp) consists of 2 nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds: 9:03
Complementarity is the property of base pairing in reverse mirroring order (anti-parallel): 10:36
Purines can only base pair with pyrimidines, and vice versa: 11:09
DNA base pairing: A-T, and G-C. RNA base pairing: A-U, and G-C: 13:30
A-T DNA base pair via 2 hydrogen bonds: 14:35
G-C DNA and RNA base pair via 3 hydrogen bonds: 14:49
A-U RNA base pair via 2 hydrogen bonds: 15:01
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides (main classes are DNA and RNA): 15:32
Diagram of RNA and DNA: 16:51
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of 2 polynucleotide chains in a double helix: 18:01
98% of DNA in humans are non-coding (aren't patterns for protein sequences): 18:31
Structure of the DNA double helix: 18:45
Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA: 20:34
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is typically made of 1 polynucleotide chain: 22:00
Hairpin loop of RNA folded onto itself: 22:47
Nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases indicating the order of nucleotides: 23:28
Sequences usually presented form 5' end to 3' end: 24:21
DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction: 25:25
Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids: 26:24
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions: 26:28
Phosphodiester bond is when two hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form 2 ester bonds: 27:15
Diagram of phosphodiester bonds between 3 nucleotides: 29:09
Structural elements of 3 nucleotides: 30:30
Glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that joins a sugar molecule to another group: 32:45
Phosphate-deoxyribose backbone DNA segment shown from 5' to 3' end: 33:21
DNA sequence is written form the 5' to 3' end for the Top strand and 3' to 5' for bottom strand: 34:48
Corresponding RNA sequence with U replacing T: 35:32
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or "molecular unit of currency" provides energy to many cellular processes: 36:05
ATP is a precursor to DNA and RNA, and used as a coenzyme: 37:59
Structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP: 38:59
Hydrotrope solubilizes hydrophobic compounds without micellar solubilization: 39:47
Micellar solubilization creates a colloidal mixture via surfactants aggregates termed micelles: 40:33
Hydrotropes consist of a hydrophilic part and a smaller (than for surfactants) hydrophobic part and doesn't cause spontaneous self-aggregation: 42:29